WORLD HISTORY · 500–1 BC 日本語
Events of the 40s BC49–40 BC
What happened in the 40s BC?
In the 40s BC (49–40 BC), Caesar crossed the Rubicon, starting a Roman civil war; he defeated Pompey at Pharsalus and created the Julian calendar, but was assassinated. Octavian and others then formed the Second Triumvirate, and in Western Han Emperor Yuan took the throne.
- Caesar crosses the RubiconEurope
- Emperor Yuan becomes Han emperorAsia
- Caesar wins the Battle of PharsalusEurope
- Caesar defeats Pontus at the Battle of ZelaMiddle East
- Caesar creates the Julian calendarEurope
- Caesar is assassinatedEurope
- Second Triumvirate beginsEurope
- Battle of Philippi in Roman civil warEurope
Summaries are written by the site editors.
Events of the 40s BC (timeline · 21)
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The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna.
Caesar, who marched to Spain earlier in the year, leaving Marcus Antonius in charge of Italy, defeats Pompey's general Afranius and Petreius in Ilerda (Lerida) north of the Ebro river.
Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus.
The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Republic, establishing January 1 as the new date of the new year.
In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman Republic, by a group of senators takes place on the Ides of March.
Cicero launches the first of his Philippicae (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them over the following months.
Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum.
Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered shortly after.
In the wake of the murder of Julius Caesar, his nephew and heir, Octavian, uses the threat of military force to compel the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
Liberators' civil war: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight to a draw Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in the first part of the Battle of Philippi, where Cassius commits suicide believing the battle is lost.
Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the Battle of Philippi, with Brutus committing suicide and ending the civil war.
Source: Wikipedia date pages ("January 1" … "December 31") / CC BY-SA 4.0. Regions are assigned by the site editors.
Dates and events are based on Wikipedia and other references. Summaries and regions are written by the site editors.