WORLD HISTORY · 18TH CENTURY 日本語
Events of the 1790s1790–1799
What happened in the 1790s?
In the 1790s (1790–1799), France proclaimed the First Republic, and the Thermidorian Reaction overthrew the radical government. The Haitian Revolution began in Saint-Domingue, and in Japan the Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrived at Nemuro and Motoori Norinaga completed the Kojiki-den, his commentary on Japan's oldest chronicle.
- Haitian Revolution begins in Saint-DomingueLatin America
- Hayashi Shihei's Kaikoku Heidan bannedAsia
- France proclaims the First RepublicEurope
- Russian envoy Laxman arrives at NemuroAsia
- Louvre Museum opens in ParisEurope
- France abolishes slavery in all territoriesEurope
- Thermidorian coup in FranceEurope
- Motoori Norinaga completes the Kojiki-denAsia
Summaries are written by the site editors.
The 1790s in AP history courses
| AP World History | Unit 5–6 (Revolutions; Consequences of Industrialization) |
|---|---|
| AP U.S. History | Period 3 |
Events of the 1790s (timeline · 289)
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France is divided into 83 départements, cutting across the former provinces in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on ownership of land by the nobility.
Russo-Turkish war (1787–1792): Greek privateer Lambros Katsonis loses three of his ships in the Battle of Andros.
Rhode Island becomes the last of North America's original Thirteen Colonies to ratify the Constitution and become one of the United States.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed in France by the National Constituent Assembly.
Inaugural Fête de la Fédération is held to celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation.
The District of Columbia is established as the capital of the United States after signature of the Residence Act.
A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard).
Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing in honor of the Qianlong Emperor's eightieth birthday.
A severe earthquake in northern Algeria causes severe damage and a tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea and kills three thousand.
Northwest Indian War: Native American forces defeat the United States, ending the Harmar Campaign.
Edmund Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he predicts that the French Revolution will end in a disaster.
The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies.
Louis XVI of France gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution.
Efimeris, the oldest Greek newspaper of which issues have survived till today, is published for the first time.
Northwest Indian War: The Big Bottom massacre is committed by Lenape and Wyandot warriors in the Ohio Country, North America.
The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791 and splits the old Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state.
The Constitution of May 3 (the first modern constitution in Europe) is proclaimed by the Sejm of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The British under Charles Cornwallis defeat a Mysorean army under Tipu Sultan in the battle of Arakere.
The first New Church place of worship the Birmingham New Jerusalem Temple was dedicated on the 19th day of June, 1791, in Birmingham, England. The auspiciousness of this date was noted at the time.
King Louis XVI, disguised as a valet, and the French royal family attempt to flee Paris during the French Revolution.
King Louis XVI and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.
At Padua, the Emperor Leopold II calls on the monarchs of Europe to join him in demanding the king of France Louis XVI's freedom.
Beginning of Priestley Riots (to 17 July) in Birmingham targeting Joseph Priestley as a supporter of the French Revolution.
Members of the French National Guard under the command of General Lafayette open fire on a crowd of radical Jacobins at the Champ de Mars, Paris, during the French Revolution, killing scores of people.
American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War.
Slaves from plantations in Saint-Domingue hold a Vodou ceremony led by houngan Dutty Boukman at Bois Caïman, marking the start of the Haitian Revolution.
Enslaved Africans in Saint-Domingue, led by Dutty Boukman, held a Vodou ceremony that became a pivotal act of resistance. This gathering sparked a mass uprising against slavery, marking the beginning of the Haitian Revolution.
French Revolution: Frederick William II of Prussia and Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, issue the Declaration of Pillnitz, declaring the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia for the French monarchy, agitating the French revolutionaries and contributing to the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition.
HMS Pandora sinks after having run aground on the outer Great Barrier Reef the previous day.
Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington.
The first performance of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute takes place two months before his death.
France's National Constituent Assembly is dissolved, to be replaced the next day by the National Legislative Assembly.
The revolutionary group the United Irishmen is formed in Belfast, Ireland leading to the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
The University of Vermont, the oldest university in Vermont, and fifth-oldest in New England, is chartered.
Northwest Indian War: The Western Confederacy of American Indians wins a major victory over the United States in the Battle of the Wabash.
The United States Bill of Rights becomes law when ratified by the Virginia General Assembly.
Treaty of Jassy between Russian and Ottoman Empire is signed, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92.
The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by United States President George Washington.
Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets: Black slave insurgents gain a victory in the first major battle of the Haitian Revolution.
King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera 13 days earlier.
United States President George Washington exercises his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power is used in the United States.
France declares war against the "King of Hungary and Bohemia", the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Tiradentes, a revolutionary leading a movement for Brazil's independence, is hanged, drawn and quartered.
"La Marseillaise" (the French national anthem) is composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle.
France invades the Austrian Netherlands (present day Belgium and Luxembourg), beginning the French Revolutionary Wars.
A lava dome collapses on Mount Unzen, near the city of Shimbara on the Japanese island of Kyūshū, creating a deadly tsunami that killed nearly 15,000 people.
The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed.
French Revolution: Storming of the Tuileries Palace: Louis XVI is arrested and taken into custody as his Swiss Guards are massacred by the Parisian mob.
King Louis XVI of France is formally arrested by the National Tribunal, and declared an enemy of the people.
Maximilien Robespierre presents the petition of the Commune of Paris to the Legislative Assembly, which demanded the formation of a revolutionary tribunal.
During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.
The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house where they are stored.
Primidi Vendémiaire of year one of the French Republican Calendar as the French First Republic comes into being.
A militia departs from the Spanish stronghold of Valdivia to quell a Huilliche uprising in southern Chile.
In Washington, D.C., the cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion (known as the White House since 1818) is laid.
Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who sighted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River.
French Revolution: King Louis XVI of France is put on trial for treason by the National Convention.
Nicolas Jean Hugon de Bassville, representative of Revolutionary France, is lynched by a mob in Rome.
After being found guilty of treason by the French National Convention, Louis XVI of France is executed by guillotine.
French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.
During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.
The French troops led by Léger-Félicité Sonthonax defeat the slaves settlers in the Siege of Port-au-Prince.
French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of charges brought by the Girondin in Paris.
French Revolution: François Hanriot, leader of the Parisian National Guard, arrests 22 Girondists selected by Jean-Paul Marat, setting the stage for the Reign of Terror.
The Jardin des Plantes museum opens in Paris. A year later, it becomes the first public zoo.
French Revolution: Following the arrests of Girondin leaders, the Jacobins gain control of the Committee of Public Safety installing the revolutionary dictatorship.
Haitian Revolution: The Battle of Cap-Français ends with French Republican troops and black slave insurgents capturing the city.
The Act Against Slavery in Upper Canada bans the importation of slaves and will free those who are born into slavery after the passage of the Act at 25 years of age.
Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first recorded human to complete a transcontinental crossing of North America.
The Rhône and Loire départments are created when the former département of Rhône-et-Loire is split into two.
French Revolutionary Wars: The city of Toulon revolts against the French Republic and admits the British and Spanish fleets to seize its port, leading to the Siege of Toulon by French Revolutionary forces.
The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
French Revolutionary Wars: Austro-Prussian victory over Republican France at the First Battle of Wissembourg.
War of the First Coalition: French victory at the Battle of Wattignies forces Austria to raise the siege of Maubeuge.
A Goddess of Reason is proclaimed by the French Convention at the suggestion of Pierre Gaspard Chaumette.
French Revolution: Ninety dissident Roman Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
War of the First Coalition: The Siege of Toulon ends when Napoleon's French artillery forces the British to abandon the city, securing southern France from invasion.
The Battle of Savenay: A decisive defeat of the royalist counter-revolutionaries in War in the Vendée during the French Revolution.
Northwest Indian War: General "Mad Anthony" Wayne and a 300 man detachment identify the site of St. Clair's 1791 defeat by the large number of unburied human remains at modern Fort Recovery, Ohio.
The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French First Republic. It would be reestablished in the French West Indies in 1802.
The Slave Trade Act of 1794 bans the export of slaves from the United States, and prohibits American citizens from outfitting a ship for the purpose of importing slaves.
In Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announces a general uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia, and assumes the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.
The United States Government establishes a permanent navy and authorizes the building of six frigates.
Sardinians, headed by Giovanni Maria Angioy, start a revolution against the Savoy domination, expelling Viceroy Balbiano and his officials from Cagliari, the capital and largest city of the island.
French Revolution: Robespierre introduces the Cult of the Supreme Being in the National Convention as the new state religion of the French First Republic.
Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme générale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.
The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Haitian Revolution: Battle of Port-Républicain: British troops capture the capital of Saint-Domingue.
Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates the French Revolution's new state religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being, with large organized festivals all across France.
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Fleurus marks the first successful military use of aircraft and turns the tide of the War of the First Coalition.
The 16 Carmelite Martyrs of Compiègne are executed ten days prior to the end of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.
French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution".
French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
U.S. President George Washington invokes the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
Joseph Whidbey leads an expedition to search for the Northwest Passage near Juneau, Alaska.
Northwest Indian War: United States troops force the United Indian Nations, a confederacy of Shawnee, Mingo, Lenape, Wyandot, Miami, Odawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi warriors, into a disorganized retreat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
French Revolutionary Wars: Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) sees his first combat at the Battle of Boxtel during the Flanders Campaign.
Flanders Campaign: France completes its conquest of the Austrian Netherlands at the Battle of Sprimont.
The United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign Jay's Treaty, which attempts to resolve some of the lingering problems left over from the American Revolutionary War.
After crossing the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry capture 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns, in a rare occurrence of surrender of naval vessels to land forces.
The Fédon Rebellion breaks out in Grenada, the rebels seizing Grenville and later Gouyave.
The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory.
Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia.
French Revolutionary Wars: In what became known as Cornwallis's Retreat, a British Royal Navy squadron led by Vice Admiral William Cornwallis strongly resists a much larger French Navy force and withdraws largely intact, setting up the French Navy defeat at the Battle of Groix six days later.
The burghers of Swellendam expel the Dutch East India Company magistrate and declare a republic.
Financier James Swan pays off the $2,024,899 US national debt that had been accrued during the American Revolution.
War of the First Coalition: The British capture Trincomalee (present-day Sri Lanka) from the Dutch in order to keep it out of French hands.
Britain seizes the Dutch Cape Colony in southern Africa to prevent its use by the Batavian Republic.
More than a year after the Battle of Sprimont, the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) are officially annexed by Revolutionary France.
Napoleon first rises to prominence by suppressing counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the National Convention.
The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.
Partitions of Poland: Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of independent Poland, is forced to abdicate and is exiled to Russia.
Construction of Yonge Street, formerly recognized as the longest street in the world, begins in York, Upper Canada (present-day Toronto).
Colombo in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) falls to the British, completing their invasion of Ceylon.
The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.
War of the First Coalition: A surprise Austrian attack at the Battle of Voltri marks the beginning of the Italian Campaign, the decisive campaign under Napoleon Bonaparte that will end the war a year later.
War of the First Coalition: Napoleon Bonaparte wins his first victory as an army commander at the Battle of Montenotte, splitting the Austrian and Piedmontese armies away from each other, and marking the beginning of the Piedmontese surrender in the war.
War of the First Coalition: In the climax of the Montenotte Campaign, Napoleon Bonaparte decisively defeats the army of Piedmont at the Battle of Mondovi, leading to Piedmont's surrender a week later and decisively turning the Italian campaign in France's favor.
The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.
War of the First Coalition: Napoleon wins a victory against Austrian forces at Lodi bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men.
War of the First Coalition: In the Battle of Borghetto, Napoleon Bonaparte manages to cross the Mincio River against the Austrian army. This crossing forces the Austrians to abandon Lombardy and retreat to the Tyrol, leaving the fortress of Mantua as the sole remaining Austrian stronghold in Northern Italy.
The siege of Mantua begins when Napoleon Bonaparte lays siege to the fortress of Mantua, the last Austrian stronghold in Northern Italy. It will become the main focus of Napoleon's army for eight months during the Italian campaign of 1796-1797.
The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.
French Revolutionary Wars: Napoleon leads the French Army of Italy to victory in the Battle of Lonato.
The Battle of Castiglione in Napoleon's first Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars results in a French victory.
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Bassano: French forces defeat Austrian troops at Bassano del Grappa.
Grenelle camp affair, a failed uprising by supporters of Gracchus Babeuf against the French Directory.
George Washington's Farewell Address is printed across America as an open letter to the public.
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of the Bridge of Arcole: French forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.
French Revolutionary Wars: Two British frigates under Commodore Horatio Nelson and two Spanish frigates under Commodore Don Jacobo Stuart engage in battle off the coast of Murcia.
French Revolutionary Wars: A naval battle between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany ends with the French vessel running aground, resulting in over 900 deaths.
The Battle of Rivoli is fought with a decisive French victory by Napoleon Bonaparte, marking the beginning of the end of the War of the First Coalition and the start of French hegemony over Italy for two decades.
The siege of Mantua ends after eight months when Count Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser surrenders the fortress of Mantua to Napoleon Bonaparte. The fall of Mantua secures French control over Northern Italy and marks the beginning of the conclusion of the Italian campaign of 1796-1797, and sets the stage for the end of the War of the First Coalition.
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent: John Jervis, (later 1st Earl of St Vincent) and Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson) lead the British Royal Navy to victory over a Spanish fleet in action near Gibraltar.
French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad.
A force of 1,400 French soldiers invade Britain at Fishguard in support of the Society of United Irishmen. They were defeated by 500 British reservists.
John Adams is inaugurated as the 2nd President of the United States of America, becoming the first President to begin his presidency on March 4.
Citizens of Verona begin an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.
Sir Ralph Abercromby attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico, in what would be one of the largest invasions of the Spanish territories in the Americas.
War of the First Coalition: The Peace of Leoben is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Maximilian, Count of Merveldt, creating an armistice between France and Austria, setting the stage for the Treaty of Campo Formio and ending the War of the First Coalition.
Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Battle between Spanish and British naval forces during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the Battle, Rear-Admiral Nelson is wounded in the arm and the arm had to be partially amputated.
Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).
The Royal Navy decisively defeats the Batavian Navy at Camperdown during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Treaty of Campo Formio is signed between France and Austria, ending the War of the First Coalition.
André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump, from 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above Paris.
The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Frederick William III.
Constantine Hangerli arrives in Bucharest, Wallachia, as its new Prince, invested by the Ottoman Empire.
The Roman Republic is proclaimed after Louis-Alexandre Berthier, a general of Napoleon, had invaded the city of Rome five days earlier.
The Mississippi Territory is organized from disputed territory claimed by both the United States and the Spanish Empire. It is expanded in 1804 and again in 1812.
French Revolutionary Wars: A French force attempting to dislodge a small British garrison on the Îles Saint-Marcouf is repulsed with heavy losses.
United Irishmen Rebellion: Battle of Carlow begins; executions of suspected rebels at Carnew and at Dunlavin Green take place.
The Pitt–Tierney duel takes place on Putney Heath outside London. A bloodless duel between the prime minister of Great Britain William Pitt the Younger and his political opponent George Tierney.
The Battle of Oulart Hill takes place in Wexford, Ireland; Irish rebel leaders defeat and kill a detachment of militia.
United Irishmen Rebellion: Between 300 and 500 United Irishmen are executed as rebels by the British Army in County Kildare, Ireland.
Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread the United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.
Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.
As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.
The French Armée d'Orient under Napoleon Bonaparte defeats a Mamluk army under Murad Bey in battle of Shubra Khit.
The Sedition Act of 1798 becomes law in the United States making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government.
French campaign in Egypt and Syria: Napoleon's forces defeat an Ottoman-Mamluk army near Cairo in the Battle of the Pyramids.
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of the Nile (Battle of Aboukir Bay): Battle begins when a British fleet engages the French Revolutionary Navy fleet in an unusual night action.
The Vietnamese Catholics report a Marian apparition in Quảng Trị, an event which is called Our Lady of La Vang.
Wolfe Tone's United Irish and French forces clash with the British Army in the Battle of Castlebar, part of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in the creation of the French puppet Republic of Connacht.
Irish Rebellion: Irish rebels, with French assistance, establish the short-lived Republic of Connacht.
The week long battle of St. George's Caye begins between Spain and Britain off the coast of Belize.
Flemish and Luxembourgish peasants launch the rebellion against French rule known as the Peasants' War.
The forces of Ali Pasha of Janina defeat the French and capture the town of Preveza in the Battle of Nicopolis.
Trade between the United States and modern-day Uruguay begins when John Leamy's frigate John arrives in Montevideo.
British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars.
Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor: Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War: The Battle of Seringapatam: The siege of Seringapatam ends when the city is invaded and Tipu Sultan killed by the besieging British army, under the command of General George Harris.
The end of the Siege of Acre (1799): Napoleon Bonaparte abandons his siege of the Ottoman city of Acre after two months. This was the turning point of Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign and one of the first major defeats he suffered in his military career.
War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeat the French at Winterthur, Switzerland.
Action of 18 June 1799: A frigate squadron under Rear-admiral Jean-Baptiste Perrée is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith.
The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.
Napoleon Bonaparte defeats a numerically superior Ottoman army under Mustafa Pasha at the Battle of Abukir.
The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the War of the Second Coalition.
French Revolutionary Wars: French-Dutch victory against the Russians and British in the Battle of Bergen.
War of the 2nd Coalition: French troops defeat Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov's campaign.
Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.
Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming First Consul of the successor Consulate Government.
War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch: Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.
Henry Lee III's eulogy to George Washington in congress declares him as "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen".
Source: Wikipedia date pages ("January 1" … "December 31") / CC BY-SA 4.0. Regions are assigned by the site editors.
Dates and events are based on Wikipedia and other references. Summaries and regions are written by the site editors.